Aerogels
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Researchers from Harvard have shown that thin layers of silica aerogel could warm the surface of Mars and block UV radiation while still letting visible light through. That could be enough to keep water liquid and let plants photosynthesize within a given region.
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A new graphene aerogel created at China's Zhejiang University is the world's lightest material, with a density of 0.16 mg/cm3.
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New polymer aerogels from NASA Glenn Research Center are flexible and 500 times stronger than traditional aerogels.
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Researchers have a created a new ultralight MWCNT aerogel that boasts amazing strength and an incredibly large surface area.
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Aerogel is 99.8% air and 1,000 times less dense than glass yet it can withstand high temperature, is robust enough to survive a space launch and delivers 39 tim